Like 40% duty cycle signal means it stays high for 40% of time & stays low for 60%. He duty is the % turn on time of the signal, the % amount of time for which the signal remains high. Pulse Width Modulation or PWM is a method of varying the average power of a signal by varying its duty cycle. It is another method used in digital to analog converter & microcontrollers such as Arduino can be easily programed to utilize its PWM function to generate an analog output. V out = – 8.25 v Advantages of R-2R Ladder DAC R- 2R ladder circuit is made by adding combination R & 2R resistor in cascaded form as shown in the following figure. This method is more precise, accurate & easy to design then the weighted resistor method. These drawbacks can be resolved by using the other method discussed below. Types of Rectifiers and Their Operation.Due to the difficulty of designing resistors, it is not practical to implement it.The error in resistor value causes to lose the accuracy of the DAC for large binary numbers.
The values of large resistors are not accurate & always have some % of give or take.Increasing the number of input bits require large value resistors (increases exponentially).V out = – 4.0625v Drawbacks of Weighted Resistor Method The summing amplifier adds the input signals with different gains corresponding to their resistors. The weighted resistor method utilizes the summing operational amplifier circuit. The DAC can be designed using one of the following types of circuits. DEMUX – Demultiplexer | Types, Construction & Applications.MUX – Digital Multiplexer | Types, Construction & Applications.This is how the digital to analog converter DAC works by adding the weights of all corresponding bits with its value to generate the analog value at its output. In order to view our edited work, we use DACs to convert it back into the analog domain to view & listen it through our screen & speakers. We process it using our computers to edit it according to over needs. We capture the data using our digital camera & microphone to convert the analog data into digital. An example of that would be the process of audio & video editing. In order to understand the data that we process in a digital domain, we need to convert it into analog domain. But we cannot understand the digital data in real world. It conserves time & helps in processing complex data according to our need. Why we convert them into digital form in the first place if we want to convert them back? The processing speed of a digital computer is very fast & can compute or process any data in a matter of micro seconds.
The information exist in real world is in analog form.
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